Industry News

V-Soft Communications says that RFHAZ 4 is a serious update of its longstanding RF hazard program.

It considers the FCC’s five new categories for FM EPA antennas and it graphs multiple antennas on a given tower.

RFHAZ 4 also follows the FCC’s current practice of graphically identifying the point of the highest power density at perpendicular distances from the tower. Also, RFHAZ 4 provides for graphical examination of multiple antennas at numerous RF density scales from a minute observation with maximums not exceeding 50 µw/cm² centimeter to a maximum scale level of 3000 µw/cm². The user can choose to display the graph as either “Power Density” or as a “Percent Maximum” of the FCC levels for controlled or uncontrolled areas.

[Check Out More Products at Radio World’s Products Section]

For FM calculations, the user can select one of the five new antenna classifications, then, with the inputs of power and antenna height above ground, RFHAZ 4 uses the EPA studied antenna patterns to show power density. These vertical elevation patterns are included with the data files supplied with the program or the user type in and save a manufacturer’s pattern from disk file. The user can select RF emissions calculations to consider the effect of a mix of array elements and element spacings (in wavelengths).

In addition to graphs, RFHAZ 4 will print a tabulation of both the vertical and horizontal power density levels and, when multiple antennas are used their sums in µw/cm² from the tower to user’s selected distances from the base will be shown. The program considers the impact of antenna arrays having from 1–16 bays as well as those with less than full-wave spacings.

RFHAZ 4 also handles LPTV and DTV duties. s

Info: www.v-soft.com

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I have been in the radio business nearly 40 years. In these grave times I am proud to see radio hunkering down and preparing to do its best to aid the public. It’s a proud tradition, and I know there are many hard at work to make sure that stations will stay on the air, and have the ability to produce and deliver programming over the weeks to come.

However, I would like to mention the dark side of broadcast that I believe, while we speak, is actually endangering lives. If radio and television are to serve the public interest we must purge from the airwaves antifactual misinformation, from any source, that serves to lesson the severity of the threat from the current COVID-19 crisis.

The simplest analysis of what is going on in China and Italy is enough to demonstrate that Americans must curtail their activities for the safety of everyone. Even were there a group that was guaranteed to suffer zero effects from the virus, that group must still avoid spreading the virus for the public good.

Once the health care system becomes overburdened many will die. Not just those that are afflicted by COVID-19, but those that happen to have a heart attack, and find the health care system no longer able to care for them.

Therefore, I call on the FCC to immediately offer advice to licensees as follows:

• A general advisement that the commission considers deliberate misinformation on health-related matters to be against the public interest and that it will fine licensees for airing such information;
• Opinion shows, commenting on health-related matters, must be clearly conveyed as “Opinion Only” at the beginning, end, and every 15 minutes during, each opinion show or editorial.

The FCC must act now. Lives are at stake.

Rolf Taylor
Rocket Engineering and Consulting

The post Reader’s Forum: Purge the Airwaves of Misinformation appeared first on Radio World.

The NAB Show might have been cancelled but the products and services that would have been announced at that show are real; many of them play an even more important role right now in keeping the radio industry on the air.

To address that and keep readers in touch with new offerings from our industry’s suppliers, Radio World and its sibling technology brands have announced resumption of the spring Best of Show Award program, now reoriented to these new circumstances.

The Best of Show Special Edition will honor and help promote outstanding new, recently introduced and pending products and services. It will showcase all of the entrants to 95,000 broadcast and media readers across Future’s media brands.

As in the past, winners will be selected by panels of professional users and magazine and site editors. Selections will be based on the descriptions provided by the companies via the official nomination form. Companies pay a fee to participate. Not all entries are chosen. All are featured in a Program Guide that is distributed after the winners are announced.

The deadline is April 17. The program website has more information about the Best of Show Awards Special Edition.

 

 

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Five radio stations and two translators have become one of many COVID-19 casualties. Maine’s Gleason Media Services is shutting down its operations this Sunday at 7 p.m., the Sun Journal reports. 

The group, founded by late Auburn Mayor Dick Gleason in 1975, includes WOXO(FM), WEZR(FM) and WTME(AM), and has been run by his widow Kathy and WOXO manager Vic Hodgkins’ for the past year, while Gleason sought a buyer for the stations. But now time and money have run out.

“The coronavirus was kind of like the last straw as far as finances go,” Kathy Gleason told the Sun Journal, which cited existing problems such as “low receivables and slow payments,” in addition to the “projected drop in advertising” due to the pandemic. However, she noted that the stations are still for sale, so this may not be the final chapter.

Read the full article and learn more about WOXO here.

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The Corporation for Public Broadcasting gets $75 million in emergency funds in the $2 trillion coronavirus bill that passed the Senate late Wednesday night but still needs to be approved by the House and signed by the president.

The money is to keep up facilities of noncommercial TV and radio stations and to help stations, particularly rural ones, keep the lights on and the transmitters going in what is expected to be a lean time for pledges and corporate sponsorships, which constitute about 85% of noncom budgets.

The money goes to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the independent agency that hands out the government portion of noncom funding, and remains available through Sept. 30, 2021, though hopefully the pandemic has been resolved before that.

Here is the specific bill language.

For an additional amount for “Corporation for Public Broadcasting, $75,000,000, to remain available through September 30, 2021, to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus, including for fiscal stabilization grants to public telecommunications entities, with no deduction for administrative or other costs of the Corporation, to maintain programming and services and preserve small and rural stations threatened by declines in non-Federal revenues: Provided, that such amount is designated by the Congress as being for an emergency requirement pursuant to section 16 251(b)(2)(A)(i) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.

It was not clear from the bill language how the funds would be divided among TV and radio stations if there is more need than money.

“While even $75 million only begins to address these unprecedented needs while private revenues are plummeting, we are grateful for the broad support for this emergency funding for public media among both Republicans and Democrats in the Senate,” said Americas Public Television Stations President Patrick Butler. “We will do our best with the resources we have to serve our country and our fellow citizens in this time of shared crisis.”

 

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Here’s your Thursday edition of RW’s coronavirus roundup. We share examples of how the radio industry is reacting to the pandemic and helping communities stay in-the-know. Tell us what you’re doing, and we may feature you in a future article or Q&A.

— Creativity and humor will get us through. Here’s an excellent example of both from Canadian station K97, a promotional billboard/PSA that explains the concept of social distancing. This image was shared by international programming consultant Ken Benson via Facebook.

— The Georgia Association of Broadcasters is calling on radio stations to broadcast Gov. Brian Kemp’s Town Hall scheduled for tonight (March 26) at 8 p.m. Email the GAB if you need assistance to air the event, or download promos here.

The event, which will focus on COVID-19, will feature Georgia Department of Public Health Commissioner Kathleen Toomey, Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms, Georgia National Guard General and Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner John King and Georgia Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency Director Homer Bryson.

— RW friend and frequent contributor Dan Slentz shares this update about how Dover-New Philadelphia, Ohio’s WDNP(LP) is handling the coronavirus crisis. First, he reports, the station is now providing hourly three-minute updates about the local affects of COVID-19, including information from nonprofits that are helping the community. Their social media presence also reflects this commitment to local coronavirus coverage.

The LPFM is also limiting the number of volunteers allowed at the station to two at a time. Dan says the board has also stocked up on disinfectants and hand sanitizer and invested in windscreens for each on-air talent.

WDNP has also made a few financial adjustments related to the outbreak. First, it will run extend current underwriting announcements for at least 30 more days in order to support these local organizations. Second, the station has frozen plans to grow or improve the station in order to preserve funding; Dan says these measures should help WDNP stay on the air for 16 months, even if they don’t receive additional donations or underwriters.

— In the United Kingdom at 8 p.m. (Greenwich Mean Time), the radio industry will applaud those fighting the coronavirus as part of the #clapforourcarers campaign to support the National Health System and its workers.

— Industry suppliers have had to consider whether and how to react to orders from local jurisdictions about closing non-essential businesses.

RF supplier ERI published a statement Tuesday: “ERI is recognized as part of the U.S. critical infrastructure communications industry and as such will maintain primary operations.” It cited guidance from President Trump regarding critical infrastructure industries as defined by the Department of Homeland Security. “Consistent with this guidance, Electronics Research Inc. will remain open and operating at a capacity level necessary to make currently scheduled shipments, to respond to new orders and customer support requests,” ERI stated. “This exception for Critical Infrastructure businesses, which includes ERI, is included in Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb’s Stay at Home Order.” That order kicked in Tuesday and runs at least until April 7.

“Some of our workers are operating remotely but those working from home have access to the tools needed to perform their normal duties and ERI’s facilities are staffed and remain open to fill the needs of the radio and television stations that are performing the vital functions of delivering news, important safety information and providing entertainment to the audiences and communities they serve.”

— iHeartRadio Honolulu has rolled out Support808.com, a new website featuring local Oahu businesses that are still operational during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as ones that are hiring or looking for volunteers. Support808.com will also host a virtual food drive for the Hawaii Foodbank, according to the launch announcement.

The post COVID-19: Broadcasters Keep Communities Healthy, Informed appeared first on Radio World.

WEST SUSSEX, England — The world is awash in inaccurate and downright misleading information about Covid-19. Taking a stand against this confusion is the mission of Health Info Radio; a fact-based voice broadcaster on DAB and the internet.

Duncan Barkes uses his home studio based around a Sonifex Sovereign mixer to update the content on Health Info Radio. Credit: Lily Barkes.

Produced as a public service by Southdown Media in London, the station offers a mix of updates on Covid-19 symptoms, myths, and social isolation rules, plus interviews designed to help listeners through the shutdown and the pressure staying at home can put on their relationships.

“Health Info Radio is a non-profit rolling information service broadcasting nationally from Sussex, England and is funded and technically supported by Southdown Media, which owns and operates two small scale digital radio stations here in the United Kingdom,” said Simon Hardwick, director of Southdown Media.

Its creation was spurred by the fact that Hardwick “Personally felt frustrated that the important science-based prevention messages that could save lives were being lost in the background noise of speculation, discussion and opinion of other broadcast media.”

FROM IDEA TO REALITY, FAST

Of course, seeing a need for a Covid-19 information station is one thing. Actually launching one is another.

Simon Hardwick’s home studio, which features a Sonifex 2 mixer. Credit: Simon Hardwick

“As an existing small-scale DAB station operator, I already knew the benefits of small-scale DAB, but wondered if a simple information station would be possible,” Hardwick admitted.

“Thanks to the incredible generosity of radio industry colleagues and suppliers we’ve proved it is, and that the small-scale DAB platform here in the U.K. is flexible enough to launch a radio station on a number of multiplexes within two days of the original idea!” (Radio colleagues Duncan Barkes, Ash Elford and Dean Kavanagh helped Hardwick bring Health Info Radio came into being in just 48 hours.)

When it comes to informing the public about Covid-19, Health Info Radio sticks to the facts.

“Our content is deliberately simple,” said Hardwick. “It’s a looped information sequence of the latest virus prevention and spread advice, alongside background information about the virus, and advice on how to cope with self isolation, both physically and mentally.”

But simple does not mean simple-minded: “Our information is based on the official government medical advice with supplementary information from various medical experts with scripts overseen by Dr. Dean Kavanagh of the Institute of Biomedical Research at the University of Birmingham.”

NO NONSENSE ALLOWED

Health Info Radio’s content is produced and voiced by a team of professional broadcasters. They collectively share responsibility for what goes to air, and update their spoken-word segments whenever new information becomes available.

Health Info Radio’s listing on TuneIn.com Credit: Duncan Barkes

As for production? “Southdown Media have provided the DAB encoding infrastructure using the Open Digital Radio platform,” replied Hardwick. “We’ve had online support from web hosting company Aiir and extra script coding by Togglebit, which allows us to work entirely remotely.”

That’s right: In keeping with the dictates of social isolation, all of Health Info Radio’s people are working from their homes; uploading content via the web and using WhatsApp to coordinate the station’s programming schedule.

“Playout for the station is managed by Playout One and the airtime has been kindly donated by UK DAB platform operators,” Hardwick said. “All contributors and companies have very kindly donated their time and skills for free as they share our desire to get important, potentially life-saving messages out there to as wide an audience as possible.”

MAKING A DIFFERENCE

Since launching on March 16, Health Info Radio has been catching on with U.K. listeners hungry for accurate Covid-19 information. “We’re not actively soliciting responses but we’ve had a considerable response from people saying they had learnt something from the station which makes it worthwhile, alongside an overwhelming number of help offers from the general public,” said Hardwick.

Health Info Radio is also eager for content providers around the world to copy its format and information to keep their own listeners safe.

“If other broadcasters and platform operators want to take our information and programming as syndicated content or to rebroadcast our live stream, we’d be happy for them to do so,” said Simon Hardwick. “They can get in touch with us via our website.”

[COVID-19 Advice: Communication, Patience, Trust Your Engineer]

To help radio broadcasters provide up-to-date Covid-19 news to their listeners, mobile app technology provider RadioMax is offering to supply them with free mobile apps.

“As more and more people stay at home, not spending as much time in their cars over the next several weeks, we want to give stations and their listeners an additional way to stay connected and informed via a mobile app,” said RadioMax CEO John Wanzung.

“The current situation is an opportunity for all of radio to rise to the occasion to inform and support our communities.”

The post Health Info Radio Cuts Through the Covid-19 Confusion appeared first on Radio World.

An auction of FM construction permits that had been planned for late April is now postponed.

The Federal Communications Commission said Auction 106 will be put off indefinitely.

[Read: FCC Bars Visitors from Facilities Due to Coronavirus]

Office of Managing Director may grant special permission for those with operational necessity

“Auction 106 applicants that submitted upfront payments may obtain a refund of those deposits after submitting a written request,” it stated. Details are in a public notice.

The auction, whenever it’s held, will offer 130 CPs including 34 that were available from prior auctions.

According to prior reporting on the CommLawBlog, these are channels formerly occupied by stations that lost or cancelled their licenses, channels sold to bidders who failed to pay their bids, channels that were offered but drew no bidders, and channels that have never been opened up to applications.

 

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Getty/
Kathrin Ziegler

Research firm Nielsen released the findings of a study about American attitudes surrounding the COVID-19 crisis and radio listening.

“The study showed that consumers hold radio in high regard with 60% of adults 18+ saying that they trust radio to give timely information about the coronavirus,” the company said. “Eighty three percent of American adults also report spending the same or more time with radio as a result of the COVID outbreak.”

The survey was done online over three days last week among a weighted sample of 1,000 adults 18+ in the U.S.

Nielsen Audio is a supplier of research products for the U.S. radio industry; its ratings have been a major component of the relationship between stations and advertisers since it acquired Arbitron in 2013. It frequently highlights the power of radio, for example pointing out that when evaluated through the same Nielsen lens as other media and using directly comparable metrics, “radio reaches more people of every generation than nearly any other content.”

Managing Director Brad Kelly in Wednesday’s survey announcement stated that at a time of heightened uncertainty and disrupted routines, “consumers are turning to radio as a trusted source of information and community connection, mirroring patterns observed during past regional and national disasters and weather events.”

Among further findings, the survey found that 92% of American adults are concerned moderately or extremely about COVID-19. More than half said radio is a good source of information about the coronavirus and associated restrictions, trust that what they hear on radio is accurate, and trust information they get from favorite radio hosts. About 42% of consumers reported that radio has helped them deal with the outbreak; a slightly higher percentage indicated that radio helps them know what stores are open and where to shop.

The post Nielsen Survey Highlights Consumer Trust in Radio appeared first on Radio World.

Ed Czarnecki

Ed Czarnecki is senior director for strategy and government affairs at Digital Alert Systems and has served on numerous industry and emergency advisory committees, including with the FCC, DHS-FEMA, SBE, NCTA and others. He is currently chair of the ATSC TG3-10 working group on emergency alerts, and vice chair of the ATSC Advanced Emergency Information Implementation Team. 

Radio World caught up with Czarnecki to learn about how the emergency alert system and broadcasters are handling the need to deploy critical COVID-19 and novel coronavirus information.

Radio World: We’ve heard a lot of discussion about the role of public alerting right now. U.S. broadcasters know the EAS and WEA systems; are these being used in the coronavirus crisis? How?

Ed Czarnecki: Public alert and warning systems are just starting to be used right now to keep the public informed about different aspects of this public health emergency.  So far, we’ve seen WEA used more than EAS, with WEA notifications being issued in parts of Texas, Florida, California, Michigan, Rhode Island and elsewhere.  Few EAS alerts have been sent so far, but it is possible that EAS will be used more frequently if this public health emergency continues to escalate.

RW: Which warnings specifically have come into play?  

Czarnecki: A few jurisdictions have begun issuing advisories via WEA and even EAS.H EAS (and WEA) do not have specific event codes that directly relate to a pandemic or specific public health related alerts, so alert originators and broadcasters need to use generic messages like a Civil Emergency Message, or Local Area Emergency to cover those conditions (or a Public Safety Message for WEA). 

One of the first COVID-19 related messages was a Civil Emergency Message (CEM) issued in Rhode Island on March 17. Their WEA message said: “State of RI: Due to COVID-19, do not gather in groups of 25+. www.health.ri.gov/covid.” For EAS, the message (if any broadcaster forwarded it) would have been the standard EAS header text for a CEM, followed by “This is a message from the State of Rhode Island. People should not gather in groups of 25 or more. Restaurants, bars and coffee shops are takeout or delivery only through March 30. All Rhode Islanders returning from international travel are required to self-quarantine for 14 days. Visit www.health.ri.gov/covid for more information.” The Rhode Island message is also an example of the CAP message being sent out with both English and Spanish messages.

Other states, counties and cities have relied mainly on WEA, using the Public Safety Alert category for mobile alerts. New York City and El Paso, Texas, have sent out numerous city-wide WEA messages related to the coronavirus health emergency, so far. Michigan sent a state-wide WEA public safety alert on March 24, announcing that a “Stay at Home Stay Safe” order — prohibiting “nonessential” travel in Michigan, but telling people that you are allowed to leave your home for health and safety reasons, groceries and supplies, some outdoor activities and to care for others. 

Manatee County in Florida sent out WEA public safety messages with the subject “coronavirus information” that read, “Prevent the spread of the coronavirus. Beach and restaurant restrictions in effect: 10 people per group, maintain 6 ft distance. Restaurant 50% capacity restrictions in place. Bars and nightclubs closed.” There are several other examples across the nation, all along the same lines. But, while relaying on WEA as a public warning channel, local authorities have tended to rely on broadcasters to relay broader public information about the public health emergency.

Michigan WEA alert:

 

Washington state alert:

RW: Some experts worry about “over alerting.” What’s the right amount?

Czarnecki: This is a bit of a subjective question. In South Korea, the government was issuing a steady stream of messages to mobile phones (alerts, updates and advisories). While the info was initially appreciated initially, we hear that many Koreans became bothered fairly quickly by the stream of messages, tuning them out. Korean authorities might have gone a bit overboard, sending dozens of messages a day, each time a case was identified, each time a restaurant might have been exposed, etc. The government credits the mobile phone alerts to helping stem the spread of the disease, but we still hear anecdotal information about mobile users getting frustrated at the amount of messages they had been receiving (and whether it was relevant and important enough for them).

Alert originators should bear in mind a balance between keeping people informed, versus bombarding them and causing message fatigue.

Another point is to remember that these public warning systems — both EAS and WEA — are best used for targeted, actionable information. Not general advisories, but specific information telling people what to do.

RW: Why is it important to be aware of the difference between public information and a public alert?

Czarnecki: In some of the WEA message examples we just discussed, you can almost feel the struggle to squeeze emergency information into a system that was designed for concise emergency alerts. This challenge is relevant for both WEA and EAS.

Public alerts are a specific call to action, while public emergency information may be more general (e.g. health and care information about COVID-19). An alert should be targeted and actionable. It should concisely tell identify the risk (or situation), where (and when) it is located, what exactly people should do to maximize their safety, and how specifically they should do it.  

[Read More: IPAWS Coronavirus Guidelines]

Public information tends to be the bigger story, a greater degree of information and instructions. More context, if you will. Emergency Public Information may be issued even though there is no “alert,” and EPI may also enhance an alert with more information on what is happening, what the response organization is doing, and what else the public should do for its safety.

The point here is that information needs to go through the right set of systems — the right tool for each type of job. EAS and WEA are best suited for that targeted, actionable alert and are not necessarily very good tools for conveying (or trying to squeeze) emergency public information into these relatively short message bursts.

When people receive an alert, they tend to seek additional information to make a decision — to confirm their understanding. And that usually means turning to radio, TV or internet news sites. This is the interrelationship between a public alert and public information — the alert is the “bell ringer” that drives people to seek additional information.

Alert and warning systems exist within a larger communication ecosystem. A public alert or warning about COVID-19 (or a stay-at-home/shelter in place alert) will serve to drive people to other communications media (broadcast, TV, cable, Internet) to seek out more emergency information. It may be a mistake to try to cram less actionable emergency information into an alert system — but it may be more effective to use alert tools to motivate people to seek out “the rest of the story” via media.

RW: What should broadcasters know or do right now that they’re not already doing?

Czarnecki: Broadcasters should ensure that their EAS equipment is in proper working order, and they should also check in with their LECC or SECC representatives to double check what event codes they should be enabling in case EAS is used for this public health emergency. This is also another reason why broadcasters should double check to make sure their software is up to date.  

As I noted earlier, there is a real chance that the EAS system may be used by different jurisdictions, depending on what happens next with this public health emergency. It is important for broadcasters to double check that their systems are in proper working order, and up to date.

EAS operational readiness is essential — and this includes having the right event codes enabled for forwarding. If the originator is going to use a specific event code (like CEM, LAE, SPW or CDW), the receiver must be set up to handle it. The system fails if the originator uses an event code that a receiver is not configured to forward. In the DASDEC system, for example, the Alert Agent can be configured to be “open” to all sorts of event codes, but not necessarily fire off the alerts. It can essentially be configured to be “at the ready.”

Of course, broadcasters with newsroom operations are likely already in regular touch with local authorities, and that is a critical link for ensuring that emergency public information is being made available to the public. Local newsrooms are the nexus of the broadcasters’ role as an essential “first informer.”

RW: What should local alerting authorities do differently, if anything?

Czarnecki: Local authorities are challenged by this unprecedented situation. Their resources are being stretched in different directions. However, local authorities generally know best when emergency information is needed in their area and how best to communicate to people their jurisdiction. 

We have seen in other situations overseas where medical professionals trained in risk communications had a measurable impact by releasing timely and effective messages for public awareness and other important information such as symptoms to look for. Clear, concise messages from authorities can help people (i.e. broadcaster audiences) feel more in control and persuade them to make important health-related decisions to help ensure their safety. 

So, this leaves local authorities with the need to determine how much of that information should be sent via a public warning channel, like EAS or WEA, versus more general resources, like news stories and PSAs over broadcast media. 

RW: You mentioned South Korea.  What have other countries been doing?

Czarnecki: We have information about how a few countries have been approaching public warning during this public health emergency. In Canada, one province (Saskatchewan) issued a Broadcast Immediate mobile alert to deliver a public information message (stay at home). We’re expecting other provinces to be issuing similar stay-at-home messages, and likely over broadcast media as well (via their version of the EAS system). Canada has an integrated public alert and warning system (NPAS) that is roughly analogous to the U.S. IPAWS system — with both mobile phone and broadcast components.

New Zealand also just launched nationwide COVID-19 alerts via text messaging, essentially telling the entire country to shelter-in-place. In New Zealand, the alerts are being transmitted over their cell broadcast system, with emergency information being disseminated over broadcast radio and TV.

Back to public alerting, Britain, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands, France, Denmark, Romania and many other European nations have sent social distancing and stay-at-home messages via text message alert. As far as I know, all these European countries have been relying primarily on mobile media to disseminate alerts, while relying on news media and PSAs to spread the word over broadcast media.

In the United Kingdom, the government issued a text message nationwide: “GOV.UK ALERT CORONAVIRUS  New rules in force now: you must stay at home. More info and exemptions at gov.uk/coronavirus  Stay at home. Protect the NHS. Save lives.” I believe this was the first use of mass mobile alert messaging by the UK government. The UK does not have a WEA-type system — the government asked the carriers directly to carry the message (and government agencies are now apparently infighting about who is in charge (or not in charge) of mass notification). 

Interestingly (and perhaps disturbingly), the UK government is also in talks with mobile operators to use phone location and usage data to monitor whether people are actually staying at home or not (which has raised all manner of privacy considerations). Germany and Italy have also been evaluating this kind of mobile device location monitoring, which could include contact-tracing. I’m not opining on whether this is good or bad, or appropriate — just that different countries can have significantly different approaches to public warning and emergency information. And broadcasters tend to have a global role as a “first informer” even when there is no formal broadcast alert system in place.

Mobile alert in Saskatchewan:

Greek mobile alert (multilingual):

Mobile alert in Romania:

The Netherlands:

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